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Mongol invasions and conquests progressed throughout the 13th century, resulting in the vast Mongol Empire, which, by 1300, covered much of Asia and Eastern Europe. Historians regard the Mongol raids and invasions as some of the deadliest conflicts in human history. According to Brian Landers, "One empire in particular exceeded any that had gone before, and crossed from Asia into Europe in an orgy of violence and destruction. The Mongols brought terror to Europe on a scale not seen again until the twentieth century." Diana Lary contends that the Mongol invasions induced population displacement "on a scale never seen before"particularly in Central Asia and eastern Europeadding that "the impending arrival of the Mongol hordes spread terror and panic." In addition, they brought the bubonic plague along with them, deliberately spreading it across much of Asia and Europe and helping cause the massive loss of life in the Black Death.〔Robert Tignor et al. ''Worlds Together, Worlds Apart A History of the World: From the Beginnings of Humankind to the Present'' (2nd ed. 2008) ch 11 pp 472-75 and map p 476-77〕〔Vincent Barras and Gilbert Greub. "History of biological warfare and bioterrorism" in '' Clinical Microbiology and Infection'' (2014) 20#6 pp 497-502.〕〔Andrew G. Robertson, and Laura J. Robertson. "From asps to allegations: biological warfare in history," ''Military medicine'' (1995) 160#8 pp: 369-373.〕〔Rakibul Hasan, "Biological Weapons: covert threats to Global Health Security." ''Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies'' (2014) 2#9 p 38. (online )〕 Tsai concludes that "()he Mongol conquests shook Eurasia and were of significant influence in world history."〔Wei-chieh Tsai. Review of May, Timothy, ''The Mongol Conquests in World History'' H-War, H-Net Reviews. September, 2012. (online )〕 The Mongol Empire emerged in the course of the 13th century by a series of conquests and invasions throughout Central and Western Asia, reaching Eastern Europe by the 1240s. Tartar and Mongol raids against Russian states continued well beyond the start of the Mongol Empire's fragmentation around 1260. Elsewhere, the Mongols' territorial gains in China persisted into the 14th century under the Yuan dynasty, while those in Persia persisted into the 15th century under the Timurid Empire. In India, the Mongols' gains survived into the 19th century as the Mughal Empire. The killings and the disruption of societies led to dramatic declines in populations in many areas. In North China, the population fell from 50 million to about 9 million. In Persia, tax revenues from the villages fell 80 percent. Partly it was a decline in population, and partly it was long-term damage to agricultural productivity caused by the destruction of the irrigation system. The Muslim world was especially hard-hit, with damage by the Mongols in the East, and the fall of Islamic-held areas in Spain in the West. == Central Asia == (詳細はGenghis Khan forged the initial Mongol Empire in Central Asia, starting with the unification of the Mongol and Turkic confederations such as Merkits, Tartars, Mongols, and Uighurs. He then continued expansion of the empire via conquest of the Qara Khitai and the Khwarazmian dynasty. Large areas of Islamic Central Asia and northeastern Iran were seriously depopulated,〔(World Timelines - Western Asia - AD 1250-1500 Later Islamic )〕 as every city or town that resisted the Mongols was subject to destruction. In Termez, on the Oxus: ''"all the people, both men and women, were driven out onto the plain, and divided in accordance with their usual custom, then they were all slain"''. Each soldier was required to execute a certain number of persons, with the number varying according to circumstances. For example, after the conquest of Urgench, each Mongol warrior – in an army group that might have consisted of two tumens (units of 10,000) – was required to execute 24 people.〔"(Central Asian world cities )", University of Washington.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mongol invasions and conquests」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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